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Christ Carrying the Cross
Christ Carrying the Cross on his way to his crucifixion is an episode included in all four Gospels, and a very common subject in art, especially in the fourteen Stations of the Cross, sets of which are now found in almost all Catholic churches. However the subject occurs in many other contexts, including single works and cycles of the ''Life of Christ'' or the Passion of Christ.〔Schiller, 78-82〕 Alternative names include the Procession to Calvary, Road to Calvary and Way to Calvary, Calvary or Golgotha being the site of the crucifixion outside Jerusalem. The actual route taken is defined by tradition as the Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem, although the specific path of this route has varied over the centuries and continues to be the subject of debate.
==Biblical references==
(詳細はGospels: , , and . Only John specifically says Jesus carried his cross, and all but John include Simon of Cyrene, who was recruited by the soldiers from the crowd to carry or help carry the cross. Modern scholars, following descriptions of criminals carrying crossbars by Plautus and Plutarch, often take the Gospel description as meaning Jesus, then Simon, carried only a heavy patibulum, the crossbar, to a pole, stipes, which was permanently driven into the ground at Golgotha.〔Andreas J. Köstenberger ''John'' 2004 Page 598 "... the patibulum (see commentary at 19:17) and compelled to carry his cross to the place of execution.13 Hence, ... Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates romanae 7.69; Tertullian, De pudicitia 22 (cited in Köstenberger 2002c: 194).〕 However in Christian imagery Jesus, and Simon, carry the complete cross—both patibulum and stipes.
Only Luke mentions the "women of Jerusalem", who were in later patristic writings and Christian art taken to include the Three Marys and the Virgin Mary. This meeting was usually located at the city gates, as in the painting illustrated, which is also typical in following Luke and showing Jesus turning his head to speak to them. The other episodes were later elaborations, with the Veil of Veronica appearing from the 13th century, and the falls of Christ, eventually three, first found in the Late Middle Ages.〔Schiller, 78–81〕 Luke mentions that the two thieves were also in the group walking out to Golgotha, but does not say that they had to carry their crosses, and though they may be identifiable among the walking figures, their crosses are very rarely anywhere to be seen in depictions of the group.〔Zuffi, 283; See Schiller 81 for later exceptions, including one by Tintoretto〕 Some works, like Raphael's ''Il Spasimo'', Bruegel's Vienna ''Procession'' (see below for both), and the London Jacopo Bassano, have the thieves' two crosses already set up at the place of execution in the distant background.〔Penny, 8〕
Also of relevance is , with which St Francis of Assisi began his first Rule of 1221: "Then Jesus said to his disciples, “Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me". St Francis also used to be led with a cord around his neck as a penitential exercise, the cord being a detail added to many depictions of the episode from two Old Testament passages. These are : "He was oppressed and afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; he was led like a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before its shearers is silent, so he did not open his mouth" and "I had been like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter...", both of which were very frequently cited by medieval commentaries.〔Sawyer, 89; Israels, 423〕 In medieval typology, Isaac carrying wood up the mountain for his sacrifice is the most common parallel for the episode, and often shown as a complementary scene; this scene is "Isaac Bearing the Faggots" (or "wood") in traditional art history terminology.〔Schiller, 80, 82〕
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